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紫外线

紫外线

紫外线，波长比可见光短的电磁波，波长在390到400纳米之间，在光谱上位于紫色光外侧。具有荧光效应，能使荧光物质发光。能透过空气，但不易透过玻璃，具有杀菌的能力。对眼睛和皮肤有一定的伤害。 俗称紫外光。 Category:电磁波谱 ja:紫外線 ms:Ultraungu simple:Ultraviolet

波长

波长的定义 ---- 波长：沿着波的传播方向，在波的图形中相对平衡位置的位移时刻相同的两个质点之间的距离。 横波与纵波的波长 ---- 在横波中波长通常是指相邻两个波峰或波谷之间的距离。 在纵波中波长是指相邻两个密部或疏部之间的距离。 category:振动和波 ja:波長 ko:파장 th:ความยาวคลื่น

可见光

可见光是電磁波譜中人眼可以感知的部分，波长范围大致在400～730奈米之间，但因人而異，沒有一個準確的範圍，視力好的人甚至能看見380～780奈米的波長範圍。人眼一般對555奈米的黃色光最敏感。 人眼可以看見的光的範圍受大氣層影響。大氣層對於大部分的電磁波輻射來講都是不透明的，只有可見光波段和其他少數如無線電通訊波段等例外。不少其他生物能看見的光波範圍跟人類不一樣，例如包括蜜蜂在內的一些昆蟲能看見紫外線波段，對於尋找花蜜有很大幫助。

参见


- 物理 物理 Category:電磁波譜 ja:可視光線 ko:가시광선

纳米

納米(nanometer或nm)(另稱奈米)是长度单位，1納米等于1米的十亿分之一，約為分子或DNA的大小，或是人类頭髮丝直径的十萬分之一。 另外，有關納米技术及其相關的納米材料，詳見有關條目。

换算关系


- 1 000 000 000 納米 = 1 米(m)
- 1 000 000 納米 = 1 毫米(mm)
- 1 000 納米 = 1 微米(μm)
- 0.00 1 納米 = 1 皮米(pm) ja:ナノメートル

荧光

-- 在紫外线的照射下发出荧光]] 紫外线 --，又作“--”，是指一种光致发光的冷发光现象。当某种常温物质经某种波长的入射光（通常是紫外线或X射线）照射，吸收光能后进入激发态，并且立即退激发并发出比入射光的的波长长的出射光（通常波长在可见光波段）；而且一旦停止入射光，发光现象也随之立即消失。具有这种性质的出射光就被称之为荧光。在日常生活中，人们通常广义地把各种微弱的光亮都称为荧光，而不去仔细追究和区分其发光原理。

荧光产生的微观机制

具有荧光性的分子吸收入射光的能量后，其中的电子从基态S_0（通常为自旋单重态）跃迁至具有相同自旋多重度的激发态S_2^
- ，即S_0 + h \nu_ \to S_2^
- ，这里h = 普朗克常数 ，\nu_ = 入射光光子的频率。处于激发态S_2^
- 的电子可以通过各种不同的途径释放其能量回到基态。比如电子可以从S_2^
- 经由非常快的（短于 10^ 秒）内转换过程无辐射跃迁至能量稍低并具有相同自旋多重度的激发态S_1^
- ：S_2^
- \to S_1^
- ，紧接着从S_1^
- 以发光的方式释放出能量回到基态S_0： S_1^
- \to S_0 + h \nu_，这里发出的光就是荧光，其频率为\nu_。由于激发态S_1^
- 的能量低于S_2^
- ，故在这一过程中发出的荧光的频率\nu_低于入射光的频率\nu_。荧光态的寿命为 10^ 至 10^ 秒，这就是前面提到的＂立即＂退激发的具体含义。通常电子从激发态S_2^
- 跃迁至S_1^
- 的内转换过程非常的快，而且产生荧光的物质的分子可以通过所谓的振动弛豫过程很快地（约 10^ 秒）经由碰撞达到热平衡，这两个效应使得绝大部分荧光源自于振动基态S_1^
- 。总结产生荧光的反应过程为： S_0 + h \nu_ \to S_2^
- \to S_1^
- \to S_0 + h \nu_。 电子也可以从激发态S_1^
- 经由系间跨越过程无辐射跃迁至能量较低且具有不同自旋多重度的激发态T_2^
- （通常为自旋三重态），再经由内转换过程无辐射跃迁至激发态T_1^
- ，然后以发光的方式释放出能量而回到基态S_0。由于激发态T_1^
- 和基态S_0具有不同的自旋多重度，这一跃迁过程是被跃迁选择规则禁戒的，从而需要比释放荧光长的多的时间（从 10^ 秒到数分钟乃至数小时不等）来完成这个过程；而且与荧光过程不同，当停止入射光后，物质中还有相当数量的电子继续保持在亚稳态T_1^
- 上并持续发光直到所有的电子回到基态。这种缓慢释放的光被称为磷光。 以上提到的电子退激发的机制可以用Jablonski 图来表示。 荧光物质的量子效率定义为出射荧光光子数和入射光光子数的比。

自然界中的荧光现象

含有稀土元素的矿物萤石和方解石

荧光的应用

有很多天然和人工合成的材料可以发出荧光，它们有着广泛的应用。

照明

照明 常见的荧光灯就是一个例子。 灯管内部被抽成真空再注入少量的水银。灯管电极的放电使水银发出紫外波段的光。这些紫外光是不可见的，并且对人体有害。所以灯管内壁覆盖了一层称作磷（荧）光体的物质，它可以吸收那些紫外光并发出可见光。 可以发出白色光的发光二极管（LED）也是基于类似的原理。由半导体发出的光是蓝色的，这些蓝光可以激发附着在反射极上的磷（荧）光体，使它们发出橙色的荧光，两种颜色的光混合起来就近似地呈现出白光。
- 荧光笔

生化和医药

荧光在生化和医药领域有着广泛的应用。人们可以通过化学反应把具有荧光性的化学基团粘到生物大分子上，然后通过观察示踪基团发出的荧光来灵敏地探测这些生物大分子。 实例： 示踪
- 用于对DNA进行自动测序的链末端终止法：在原初的方法中，需要对DNA的引物端进行荧光标记，以便在测序凝胶板上确定DNA色带的位置。在改进的方法中，对作为链终止剂的４种双脱氧核苷酸（ddTBP）分别进行荧光标记，电泳结束后不同长度的DNA分子彼此分开，经紫外线照射，４种被标记的双脱氧核苷酸发出不同波长的荧光。通过分析荧光的光谱便可以分辨出DNA的序列。
- DNA探测：溴化乙啶是一种荧光染料，当它在溶液中自由改变构型时，只能发出很弱的荧光；当它嵌入核酸双链的碱基对之间与DNA分子结合后，便可以发出很强的荧光。因此在凝胶电泳中，一般加入溴化乙啶对DNA染色。
- DNA微阵列（生物芯片）：需要对基因组探针进行荧光标记，最后通过荧光信号确定靶标序列。
- 免疫学中的免疫荧光检查法：对抗体进行荧光标记，从而可以根据荧光的分布和形态确定抗原的部位和性质。
- 流式细胞仪（又称荧光激活细胞分选器，FACS） ：对样本细胞进行荧光标记，再用激光束激发使之产生特定的荧光，然后用光学系统检测并将信号传输到计算机进行分析，从而得到细胞相应的各种特性。
- 荧光技术还被应用于探测和分析DNA及蛋白质的分子结构，尤其是比较复杂的生物大分子。
- 水母发光蛋白最早是从海洋生物水母（Aequorea victoria）中分离出来的。当它与Ca2+离子共存时，可以发出绿色的荧光。这一性质已经被应用于实时观察细胞内Ca2+离子的流动。水母发光蛋白的发现推动了人们进一步研究海洋水母并发现了绿色荧光蛋白（Green Fluorescent Protein，GFP）。绿色荧光蛋白的多肽链中含有特殊的生色团结构，无需外加辅助因子或进行任何特殊处理，便可以在紫外线的照射下发出稳定的绿色荧光，作为生物分子或基因探针具有很大的优越性，所以绿色荧光蛋白及相关蛋白已经成为生物化学和细胞生物学研究的重要工具。
- 萤光显微成像技术：全內反射螢光顯微鏡 很多生物分子具有内禀的荧光性，不需要外加其他化学基团就可以发出荧光。有时侯这种内禀的荧光性会随着环境的改变而改变，从而可以利用这种对环境变化敏感的荧光性来探测分子的分布和性质。例如胆红素与血清白蛋白的一个特殊位点结合时，可以发出很强的荧光。又如当血红细胞中缺少铁或者含有铅时，会产生出锌原卟啉而不是正常的血红素（血红蛋白）；锌原卟啉具有很强的荧光性，可以用来帮助检测病因。

宝石学，矿物学和取证学

宝石，矿物，纤维以及其他一些可以作为犯罪取证的材料可以在紫外线或者X射线的照射下发出不同性质的荧光。 红宝石、翡翠、钻石可以在短波长的紫外线下发出红色的荧光，綠寶石、黃晶（黃玉）、珍珠也可以在紫外线下发出荧光。钻石还可以在X射线下发出磷光。

印刷防伪技术

紫外线荧光式防伪

造纸

荧光增白剂

需要和荧光区分开来的几个概念

由光照（通常是紫外线或X射线）激发所引起的发光称为光致发光，例如荧光和磷光；由化学反应所引起的发光称为化学发光，演唱会上用的荧光棒是通过两种化学液体混合后发生化学反应发光的；由阴极射线（高能电子束流）所引起的发光称为阴极射线发光，电视机显现管的荧光屏发光就是阴极射线发光；生物体的冷发光现象是生物发光，比如萤火虫发出的光，是“萤光”，“萤”字在古汉语中与“荧”字通假，部分華文地區，“萤”字与昆虫有关。荧光在台湾多称萤光；在中國大陸多稱熒光，而“萤光”則通常是指螢火蟲發出的光。

外部链接


- [http://www.shsu.edu/~chemistry/chemiluminescence/JABLONSKI.html Jablonski图]
- [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Fluorescence.html Scienceworld网站对于荧光的介绍]
- [http://johnbokma.com/pet/scorpion/detection-using-uv-leds.html 用紫外线发光二极管探测蝎子]
- [http://www.probes.com/handbook/ 生物学荧光探测手册] 来源于Molecular Probes公司 category:电磁学 category:光學 ja:蛍光

Mohan Lal (actor)

Mohanlal Viswanathan Nair (born May 21, 1960), simply known by the stage name Mohanlal, is an Indian actor of mainly Malayalam movies. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of his generation. He is enormously popular in the state of Kerala and, along with Mammootty, has had striking success in both mainstream and parallel cinema.

Biography

Mammootty Mohanlal was born in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala state in India to Sri. Viswanathan Nair and Smt. Santhakumari. He did his schooling and graduation (B.Com from M. G. College) in Thiruvananthapuram. He is married to Suchitra and has two children, Pranav and Vismaya.

Career

While in college, he teamed up with his friends to establish a company called Bharath Cine Group and began shooting his first film titled Thiranottam, in which he played the role of a mentally retarded servant. But the film ran into trouble with the Censor Board and was never released. His first major breakthrough came in the film Manjil Virinja Pookal (1980), in which he played a villain. The film was a major hit, and Mohanlal followed it up with more roles as a villain, most notably in Uyarangalil. In the meantime, he ventured into comedies as well, playing a role in his director-friend Priyadarshan's debut, Poochakkoru Mookkuthi, now a cult screwball classic.

Awards

He has won four State Awards and five Filmfare Awards to date. He won the National Special Jury Award for He also won the National Best Actor Award twice - for Bharatham (1991) and Vaanaprastham (1999). Vaanaprastham was showcased at the Cannes Film Festival.

Criticism

Although largely unnoticed outside Kerala, Malayalam film critics and enthusiasts regard his work in the 80s and 90s to be among the very best in cinema. At its peak, his art was noted for its versatility, understated intensity, emotional depth, comedic timing, and the ability to portray characters that embodied the Malayali ethos. Mohanlal is often considered to be one of the most natural actors in India. At his best, he seems to take to heart Oscar Wilde's prescription: "To reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim." His best work spans a wide range. They include:
- Comedies (Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam, Nadodikkattu, Pattana Pravesham, Kilukkam, Poochakkoru Mookkuthi, Vellanakalude Naadu, TP Balagopalan MA, Gandhinagar Second Street, Mukundetta Sumithra Vilikkunnu and numerous others)
- Dramas
  - As a romantic hero (Thoovana Thumbikal, Chithram and numerous others)
  - As an intense villain (Manjil Virinja Pookkal, Uyarangalil)
  - As an iconic antihero (Rajavinte Makan, Irupatham Noottandu, Devasuram)
  - In parallel cinema (Vaastuhara, Vaanaprastham, Guru, Aham)
  - In crossover cinema (Iruvar, Kaala Paani )
- Tragedies (Sadayam, Kireedam, Chenkol, Ulsavappittennu, Kanmadam, Dasharatham)
- Musicals (His Highness Abdullah, Bharatam)
- Artistic Genre (Rajasilpi, Kamaladalam )
- Thrillers (Thazhvaram, Manichitrathazhu, Season, Kariyilakkattu Pole, Mukham, Nirnayam,Yodha) In the past few years, Mohanlal has been criticized for often playing larger-than-life characters, which do no justice to his talent.

Productions

Mohanlal has also produced films under his Pranavam Arts banner (Pranav is his son's name). Some films produced by Mohanlal: His Highness Abdullah, Bharatham, Kala Pani, Vaanaprastham. He also acted in Iruvar in Tamil, directed by famous Director Mani Ratnam and Company (in Hindi) directed by Ram Gopal Varma.

Awards and Achievements


- 2001 Padma Shri National Awards
- 1989 Jury's Special Award - Kireedam
- 1991 Best Actor - Bharatham
- 1999 Best Actor - Vaanaprastham
- 1999 Producer of Best Film - Vaanaprastham State Awards
- 1986 Best Actor - T .P. Balagopalan M.A.
- 1991 Best Actor - Ulladakkam, Kilukkam, Abhimanyu
- 1995 Best Actor - Kalapani, Spadikam
- 1999 Best Actor - Vaanaprastham International Indian Film Academy Awards (IIFA)
- 2003 Best supporting Actor - Company Critics Award
- 1988 Padamudra, Chitram
- 1991 Bharatam, Ulladakkam
- 1999 Vaanaprastham FilmFare Awards
- 1986 Sanmasullavarkku Samadhaanam
- 1988 Padamudra
- 1993 Devasuram
- 1994 Pavitram
- 1995 Sphadikam National Film Academy
- 2000 Best Actor - Narasimham, Life is beautiful

Important films starring Mohanlal

# Naran (2005) # Narasimham (2000) # Vaanaprastham (1999) # Ayal Kadhayezhuthukayaanu (1998) # Kalapani (1996) # Sphadikam (1995) # Thenmavin Kombathu (1994) # Manichitrathazhu (1993) # Rajashilpi (1992) # Bharatham (1991) # Ulladakkam (1991) # No: 20 Madras Mail (1990) # Akkare akkare akkare (1990) # His Highness Abdullah (1990) # Dasaradham (1989) # Kireedam (1989) # Vandanam (1989) # Chithram (1988) # Kilukkam (1988) # Mukundetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu (1988) # Irupatham Nootandu (1987) # Nadodikkattu (1987) # Thoovanathumbikal (1987) # Rajavinte Makan (1986) # T.P. Balagoplan M.A. (1986) # Gandhinagar Second Street (1986) # Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal (1986) # Thalavattam (1986) # Boeing Boeing (1985) # Poochakkoru Mookuthi (1984) # Manjil Virinja Pookkal (1980 (all the movies are in malayalam language, except indicated otherwise). Complete list of Mohanlal films

External links


- [http://www.lalsnaran.com A community website for Mohanlal's film NARAN]
- [http://www.12kerala.com/movies/naran.htm Mohanlals new film Naran]
- [http://www.12kerala.com/movies/thanmathra.htm Mohanlals new film Thanmathra]
- [http://www.vadakkumnathan.com/ Mohanlals new film website]
- [http://www.udayon.com/ Mohanlals new film Udayon]
-
- [http://www.bharatmohanlal.com/ Official Mohanlal website]
- [http://www.mohanlalonline.com/ Mohanlal Online - Community website dedicated to Mohanlal]
- [http://movies.bizhat.com/actors/mohanlal_gallery.php BizHat.com - Photo Gallery of Mohanlal]
- [http://www.keralapals.com/gallery/films.php?gallery=./mohanlal&lang=en_us Photo Gallery of Mohanlal]
- [http://www.theprinceofkerala.com/ The Prince of Kerala - All about Mohanlal]
- [http://www.geocities.com/meenakshivarier/Movies.html Jyothish on MohanLal's 25 years in movies] Mohanlal Category:Film actors Category:Indian actors Category:Padma Shri awardees Category:Malayali people

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